![]() In a recent Molecular & Cellular Proteomics paper, Flegel, Chu-Fang Lo at the Cheng Kung University in Taiwan and colleagues described a proteomic analysis of WSSV in an effort to better understand how the virus functions and interacts with its host. “It is our belief that studying the functions of the mystery genes and understanding how they interact with host shrimp genes and even with each other will reveal new ways to combat the virus, in terms of both preventing infections and therapy after infection. Genomic analyses have shown that “most of the approximately 180 genes included in the genome had unknown functions,” explains Timothy Flegel at the National Science and Technology Development Agency and Mahidol University in Thailand. By 2005, at least three different strains from various Asian locations had been sequenced. The viral DNA was first isolated in 1997 and shown to be a double-stranded, circular molecule. Under the microscope, the virus resembles mammalian sperm, with a round head and a flexible tail. WSSV is a new beast in terms of species: A new family (Nimaviridae) and genus (Whispovirus) had to be created just to accommodate it. ![]() There has been no evidence to date to show that white spot syndrome virus affects human health. Shrimp is the most-traded fish in the international market. The problem is that once the virus infects shrimp there isn’t a way to treat the infection. But lapses of oversight still occur, and outbreaks still happen. Tools have been developed to detect the virus, which have helped to eliminate contaminated shrimp stocks. When shrimp get infected with WSSV, they develop visible white spots in their shells just before they die. ![]() The virus doesn’t infect only shrimp other aquatic animals, such as crayfish, plankton and crabs, can carry the virus. The virus has also appeared in Mozambique. It landed in the Americas in 1995, thought to be transported through frozen shrimp bait from Asia, at a south Texas shrimp farm. From there, it spread throughout Asia, including India and the Middle East. The virus was first detected in Taiwan in 1992. Outbreaks of the virus can be economically devastating: It wreaked so much havoc in the Ecuadorian shrimp industry in 1999 that the country’s economy collapsed and the government was forced to adopt the U.S. It is on the carapace that the trademark spots of white spot syndrome virus appear. ![]() Giving players what they want while getting rid of what they do not, Borderlands 3’s first raid boss fight will hopefully be the first of many.īorderlands 3 is available now for PC, PS4, PS5, Stadia, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X.The front part of a shrimp is called the cephalothorax, and it is covered by a thick shell called the carapace. With Borderlands 3’s raid boss fights being fun so far and only being let down by the Takedown format, things are looking up for the Hemivorous The Invincible fight. Still, the boss drops some strong loot, and the Guardian Breach Takedown is worth of at least one playthrough. With memorable phases marked by the teleportation of players to different arenas, the fight is another great encounter held back by a lack of replayablity. Boasting unique melee attacks and an insta-kill explosion, players need to be careful once they reach Scourge. While Gearbox listened to criticism about the Guardian Breach Takedown, making it a bit easier for players to fight their way to the massive Guardian. Much like Wotan, reaching Scourge is harder than fighting him.
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